Physicalism: A False View of the World
by Peter Meyer
There is no generally accepted accurate ism-word to describe the dominant, modern, secular (non-religious) view of the world. "Materialism" comes close but "matter" as understood in modern physics is far less "material" than was previously thought.
Physicalism will suffice as a word to denote the view that only what is physical is real, where physical means: To be found or inferred by measurement and reason as existing in the world observable by the outer senses (mainly sight). Physicalism is the ontological position assumed by modern natural science.
Materialism in the strict sense is the view that only what is material is real, where material means: composed of matter. But what is matter? Even if we equate matter with the totality of all the atoms and subatomic particles existing in the universe this still leaves electromagnetic radiation (x-rays, gamma rays, light, etc.), which has observable effects, and thus is real but is not material. Thus it is clear that materialism in the strict sense is false. When mention is made of the "materialist" view prevalent in the modern world what is being referred to is the physicalist view as defined in the preceding paragraph. But most people are unaware of the distinction between material and non-material physical reality, and for such people there is no difference between physicalism and materialism. For them the only reality is what they can see and touch (with hearing and smell indicating the presence of something to be seen or touched), and if they think further about this they generally accept (if they are not believers in some religious view of the world) what they are told by the scientific establishment: that there is no reality other than atoms (and subatomic particles) and radiation.
A major objection to physicalism is that it cannot explain the existence of consciousness. Since consciousness indisputably exists (as shown by the fact that you are now conscious of reading this) physicalists can only assert that somehow consciousness "emerges" in "sufficiently complex" physical systems from the atoms, subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation which is all that a physicalist allows to be real. In the words of Richard Dawkins (The God Delusion), "Human thoughts and emotions emerge from exceedingly complex interconnections of physical entities within the brain." (Italics in the original.) Physicalists thus label consciousness as an "emergent property" of complex physical systems (they have to italicize "emergent" so as to slip this past one's critical faculties). But to label it in this way is not to explain how this "emergence" could possibly occur. Physicalists can talk as much as they like about neural structures, resonant patterns of brain activity and the like, but in fact they have no explanation for the "emergence" of consciousness from "complex interconnections of physical entities within the brain." This is actually an article of faith, comparable to Christians' faith in the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Attempts by physicalists to explain consciousness are actually attempts to explain it away. "Consciousness explained" by a physicalist is really "consciousness denied". Physicalists must accept the dilemma that either consciousness does not "really" exist or that the existence of consciousness is inexplicable. Neither horn of the dilemma is satisfactory.
If, however, consciousness is a fundamental and irreducible quality of reality (so that a form of consciousness goes all the way down, even to molecules and atoms) then the existence of conscious beings such as ourselves is not a total mystery. But if a physicalist allows the possibility that physical reality is inherently conscious (which idea most physicalists would reject) then the way is open to the idea that there is some reality beyond physical reality (that is, beyond the existence of atoms, subatomic particles and electromagnetic radiation), and to move in this direction is to abandon physicalism.
No-one who follows a religion in their idea of how the world is is a physicalist. Religious people always believe in something which is not part of physical reality, often a "supreme being" which they call "God", "Allah", "Ishvara", etc. But it does not follow that someone who has a view of the world other than physicalism must have a religious view of the world. The falsity of physicalism does not imply the truth of any religious doctrine. It is entirely possible to deny physicalism without being in any sense religious.
The antithesis of physicalism (the view that physicalism is false) might be called spiritualism, but unfortunately this term is often used to refer to the 19th C. fascination with "spirits", in particular, with the invocation of them in seances. So we shall have to use the term "spiritual view of the world", or "spiritual view" for short.
The spiritual view is that there is a reality (or there are realities) which can be experienced and known which is (or are) not within the world observable by the outer senses. This view does not in itself state what exists within spiritual reality, and thus it does not entail the existence of "God" or of gods. What exists in spiritual reality is something to be discovered by experience, and which can be so discovered.
Science is not incompatible with the spiritual view if by science is understood a quest for knowledge of what is real. If there is a non-physical reality then a true scientist will wish to know about it. Modern natural scientists often assume that physicalism is true, and thereby exclude the possibility of knowledge of a spiritual reality. Such natural scientists are thus not true scientists. A natural scientist may state that only physical reality is of interest to him, but he is not justified in claiming that science can properly concern itself only with physical reality.
In order to show that physicalism is false we need only show that we may experience and know something which is not found or inferred by measurement and reason as existing in the world observable by the outer senses. This must be something which can be experienced and known by many people. It is not enough for someone to say, "I know God exists because He speaks to me." Such experience may be convincing to the person who has the experience but it does not prove that "God" exists.
There is no largest prime number; this has been known since the time of Euclid (who provided a proof). We know this to be true, but prime numbers do not exist in the physical world, therefore physicalism is false. If it be objected that there are many instances of three apples, five oranges, etc., it can be replied that there is a finite number of objects within physical reality and, whatever this number is, there is a larger prime number. I am not suggesting that prime numbers exist in some kind of Platonic heaven. I do suggest, however, that the mental ability of humans to conceive of prime numbers (and of infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and the like) cannot be explained by Darwinian natural selection, and is evidence that a higher intelligence is expressed in humans (or at least, in some of them).
Consider also the case of beauty in music. The music of J.S. Bach has universal appeal. Much of Bach's music is not just pleasant to listen to, it is beautiful, sometimes profoundly so. The same is true of the music of Mozart, Beethoven, Mahler and Puccini — there is no need to give examples; millions of people know the beauty to be found in their music. But this beauty does not exist in the physical world. There is no system of atoms, molecules, electromagnetic radiation, etc., however complex, which is the beauty which can be observed in, say, a Bach cantata, the slow movement of a Mozart piano concerto, Mahler's "Resurrection" Symphony or a Puccini aria. This beauty is not perceived by the ear, but by the mind; we are conscious of it; we perceive it not by any outer sense but by an inner sense. And, on this planet, it is only humans whose consciousness is sufficiently developed to be able to perceive beauty at this level. The properties of our bodies can be explained by Darwinian natural selection but not the properties of our minds.
Human consciousness can have as its objects of awareness what is beyond the physical world. Since the physical world is the world in which our bodies move, and that in which we interact bodily, consciousness of objects in non-physical reality tends to be private. But if enough people can agree on the details of an experience of something which is obviously not an object in the physical world, then that something acquires an intersubjective reality, or in other words, an objectivity. For example, a rainbow does not exist as a system of atoms, molecules, etc., yet a group of people (hundreds even) may all see the same rainbow. Of course, the rainbow can be "explained" in terms of sunlight being refracted by millions of water droplets, but this simply explains the pattern of electromagnetic radiation striking the retinas of the people seeing the rainbow — it does not explain their experience of the rainbow (because physicalism cannot explain consciousness).
People observing a rainbow can agree on the order of the colors (from indigo through green to red), whether it is a double rainbow, etc. Rainbows, of course, are intangible, and do not occupy any specific volume of 3-dimensional physical space, even though they can be observed as occurring in physical space. Thus we tend to think of them more as illusions, and rainbows do not themselves show that physicalism is false.
But they do illustrate the principle that reality is what is intersubjectively verifiable. Rainbows are real, but are not physical objects. Thus there may be other things which are real, because they are (or can be) experienced by many people, but which are not physical.
In order to experience these other things a change in brain chemistry is required. The human brain normally functions in a biochemically standard manner which is oriented toward survival in the physical world. This mode of functioning emphasizes the contributions of the outer senses (particularly sight) and motor coordination and ability (when a monkey, dashing along a path, runs into an object it must very quickly decide whether or not this is another monkey, and in either case what to do about it).
Human brains, however, have some strange abilities, which are triggered by a change in brain chemistry. A human brain exposed to LSD, psilocybin, mescaline or some such substance, functions in a way which allows forms of consciousness to arise which are radically different to everyday consciousness. Someone who has not directly experienced these alternative forms of consciousness can have only a very vague idea of them, however much they read about them. In these altered states an expanded consciousness is possible — an expansion beyond the everyday consciousness which is focussed on (and largely constrained by) input from the outer bodily senses. One's mind can wander into strange realms.
Shamans are trained to do this; they do not so much "wander" as travel purposely. And in their travels they meet and communicate with spirits, which often appear to them in the form of animals. Shamans have for many millennia used psychoactive plants (peyote, datura, Amanita mushrooms, etc.) to induce states of consciousness which allow them to enter this non-ordinary reality and communicate with spirits, who impart information to them (when and where to hunt, where lost objects may be found, which plants are good for which purposes, etc.). Despite the evidence collected by anthropologists who have studied shamanic cultures, physicalists tend to deny that shamans enter a non-ordinary reality, simply because it is inconsistent with their physicalist assumptions. In this denial they are betraying their vocation as scientists, because a true scientist seeks to know all of reality, and to know it by experience and observation (supplemented by reason). To discount anthropological data because it is inconsistent with one's assumptions is clearly unscientific.
Physicalists may, if they wish, enter the same non-ordinary states that shamans do, and by the same means (although lacking in the experience and training that a shaman possesses). Despite benighted, draconian, pernicious and contemptible laws criminalizing the use of psychoactive substances, it is still possible to partake of the ayahuasca brew, to find psilocybin mushrooms sprouting from cow pies, and to obtain by discreet means a variety of psychedelics (since there are many people who know the value of these substances and risk their liberty in order to assist others to gain the experience of non-ordinary reality).
The most powerful psychedelic (at least, in my experience) is N,N-dimethytryptamine (or DMT for short), a substance which allows anyone to prove to themselves the complete falsity of the physicalist assumption that all reality consists of systems of atoms, sub-atomic particles and electromagnetic radiation. DMT provides access to a realm which is so totally weird that it is inconceivable that it could be part of the physicalist's limited reality. It also allows experience of a realm inhabited by discarnate entities who are self-evidently independently existing intelligent beings, but whose place of existence clearly cannot be this physical world.
These beings have been reported by many people. It is not a matter of a few "wild-eyed crazies" muttering about "self-transforming machine-elves". By now hundreds, probably thousands, of people have experienced these entities (first brought to public attention by Terence McKenna; see here, here, here and here for reports), and all agree that they, and the space they inhabit, are totally weird (and the further you go the weirder it gets). Thus these entities have intersubjective validity — lots of people agree about them, or at least, that they exist. And lots more would be able to report that they exist if DMT were legal. It is mainly because psychedelic experience exposes the falsity of the mainstream definition of reality that the use of psychedelics is prohibited by those who benefit from keeping the mass of people in a state of spiritual ignorance (thereby making it easier to keep them in a state of involuntary servitude).
Terence and Dennis McKenna stated already in 1975 (in The Invisible Landscape):
The idea of the simultaneous coexistence of an alien dimension all around us is as strange an idea in the context of modern society as it must have been to the first shamans, whose experiments with psychoactive plants would have soon brought them to the same tryptamine doorway. What is the nature of the invisible landscape beyond that doorway? ... If the world beyond the doorway can be given consensual validation of the sort extended to the electron and the black hole ... then our own circumscribed historical struggle will be subject to whole new worlds of possibility.
Here's an extract from one of the reports linked to above:
I am outside in a very futuristic patterned garden with bright coloured, very small, dots over everything, which are all flowing in certain directions. No plants as such but garden nonetheless. There is a corridor with a very tangible ambience, one can feel the space around. It now appears to be a temple structure of some futuristic sort, like some space age Hindu/Mayan temple with the walls displaying architecture similiar to the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan except the walls are inverted to angle outward with the terraces reversed. It seems very real but also very fleeting, changing rapidly. There are beings that are here the whole time from the very moment I entered the trip right to the moments of trying to get out of it. They seemed to have been waiting for me. ... They were very colourful, had strange relentless grins, very slender and could move their arms around at strange angles. Despite the high-frequency quantised pulsing in which they moved, there was still a very fluid flow to it. ... These beings just kept on grinning. They knew that I knew that this was the price paid to enter their "special" world. They were very keen to show me their magic. I would try to look away but each time I tried, they would stop my breath and do some amazing transformational magic which I simply can't describe and [which] was so amazing that I was prevented by awe from looking away. Sorry, I can't even hold it in thought for more than a fleeting moment. It was very beautiful and totally bizarre. It was as though the strength of magic taking place was way too much. Solid forms of colour and shape, way beyond the geometric forms. In your face. They kept on fanning out this magic like opening one of those decorated hand fans. They knew that this was the only place that I could experience it. Not even in memory could I see this stuff. I couldn't take it back with me. They were going for it big time. It was a really solid reality but constantly changing.
As illustrated in this report, the DMT entities are experienced as existing in some kind of space, but it is clearly not the space of ordinary experience. It has been compared to 4-dimensional space, and has been called hyperspace for lack of a better word. Hyperspace, and the DMT entities found within it, constitute a fundamental challenge to those philosophers who espouse physicalism in any form.
There are three positions which a philosopher can take with regard to hyperspace and the DMT entities:
1. Hyperspace is no more real than the space experienced in dreams, and the so-called entities within it are no more real than people experienced in dreams (regarded as merely subjective mental phenomena).
2. Hyperspace is real and is not part of physical space; thus its inhabitants are non-physical.
3. Hyperspace is real and is fundamentally of the same stuff as the physical world; both are physical but are experienced in very different ways.
Given the (presumed) near-total lack of experience of the DMT state among contemporary philosophers, it is almost certain that #1 would be their overwhelming response. But this is, basically, an argument from ignorance (since these philosophers have no direct knowledge of the DMT state), and it rules out a priori a body of evidence (namely, the testimony of many people who have experienced the DMT entities) simply because that evidence is inconsistent with commonly held assumptions.
Actually it is impossible for anyone who has not experienced Level III of the DMT experience to imagine it, however much they have read about it or talked to those who have had the experience. This level of the experience is of a nature which is radically different from everyday experience, dream experience and even most other psychedelic experience (having taken a few LSD trips does not enable one to imagine a full-on DMT experience). Thus no-one who has not experienced DMT hyperspace is qualified to say anything about it, except to discuss its philosophical implications based on the reports of those others who actually know what they are talking about.
#3 is possible for a physicalist (albeit an unconventional one), but requires an explanation of how the DMT entities can be claimed to be composed of the same stuff (atoms, molecules, etc.) as the entities within the ordinary physical world. Perhaps (since, for a physicalist, 'energy' is the only alternative to quarks, mesons, protons, atoms, etc.) they are not composed of anything 'material' but are 'energy beings' of some kind? It is likely, however, that the nature of those entities is, in our present state of intellectual development, totally incomprehensible by us. In the words of the renowned British biologist J.B.S. Haldane (himself a great psychonaut), they are "not only queerer than we suppose but queerer than we can suppose."
If #1 is rejected as being based on ignorance and prejudice, and if #3 is not a defensible position, that leaves #2. It makes sense if we consider the hypothesis that what we perceive as the physical world is actually a part of a larger reality (or more exactly is a bubble within a larger reality, with our ordinary experience of physical reality being an experience entirely within that bubble and subject to limitations imposed by it), and that it is the non-physical part of that larger reality which we experience directly in the DMT state.
It is possible that this physical world is actually an incubator of souls, in the sense that, just as the womb is an incubator of our physical body, our life in this world enables the development of a mental body which can persist beyond the dissolution of the physical one; and that just as birth is a transition from the womb to a higher-dimensional and vastly more complex world, so death (if the mental body is sufficiently developed) is a transition from the world of physical life to the higher-dimensional and vastly more complex world of the DMT entities.
Galileo accepted the Copernican hypothesis that the planets revolve about the Sun, and he used an early form of the telescope to view the planets and the moons of Jupiter. It is reported that, in a dispute with a cardinal, Galileo suggested that he look through the telescope to view those moons. The cardinal refused. Just so, most if not all contemporary philosophers refuse to look through the lens provided by psychedelic substances so as to perceive a reality which physicalists deny exists. The experience resulting from smoking DMT absolutely refutes the conventional physicalist view of the world, but at present this fact is known by very few people.
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